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    <p>Brilliant work George</p>
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    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2022-05-09 2:07 p.m., Eileen wrote:<br>
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      cite="mid:D5A6B985-E1EA-41EA-B0BF-007D899E61C0@gmail.com">
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      Good detective work. 
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      <div>Eileen <br>
        <br>
        <div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPhone</div>
        <div dir="ltr"><br>
          <blockquote type="cite">On May 9, 2022, at 10:47 AM, George
            Bowden <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:gtbowdeng@gmail.com">&lt;gtbowdeng@gmail.com&gt;</a> wrote:<br>
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          <div dir="ltr">\ufeff
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              <div>Well, I survived.  But these LED tubes need a ballast
                to produce a higher voltage than 110v.  The internal
                capacitors limit the current way too much.  Replacing
                the capacitors with a single 0.1 uF capacitor, for
                current limiting, allowed the dim output I desired.  But
                you have to get inside the bulb to do that, and the tube
                is made of glass...</div>
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            <div class="gmail_quote">
              <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, May 8, 2022 at
                11:30 AM George Bowden &lt;<a
                  href="mailto:gtbowdeng@gmail.com" target="_blank"
                  moz-do-not-send="true">gtbowdeng@gmail.com</a>&gt;
                wrote:<br>
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                <div dir="ltr">If anyone has some ideas on LED
                  and fluorescent tubes, pile in.
                  <div>I got some LED T8 tubes that are for direct
                    replacement with fluorescents connected to instant
                    on ballasts.  
                    <div>I carefully looked up ballasts that are <a
                        href="https://www.gelighting.com/tubes-ballast-compatibility"
                        target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">compatible
                        to this LED tube</a> and chose to look at wiring
                      diagrams for a B132IUNVHE-N ballast<img
                        alt="image.png"
                        src="cid:part3.70C7ED2D.E827FF31@savinkoff.com"
                        class="" width="472" height="151"></div>
                    <div>Clearly, the two pins at each end are joined
                      together.</div>
                    <div><br>
                    </div>
                    <div>I then took apart one LED tube and drew its
                      schematic. The electronics are repeated at each
                      end of the tube (drawn one above the other), which
                      makes sense because tubes can be inserted in
                      either direction. I then drew AC power connections
                      per the diagram above. Pins 1 and 2 are at one end
                      of the tube, and pins 3 and 4 are at the other. 
                      Given the shorting of pin1 to 2 and pin 3 to 4,
                      capacitors 1,2,6,&amp;7 are shorted out, as are
                      resistors 1,2,3&amp;4. Not shorted are the
                      capacitors and diodes next to each other.</div>
                    <div>Tubes also could be inserted into ballast
                      wiring where pin1 and pin2 are not shorted, and it
                      is interesting to have a tube design that must
                      work with 4 different power connections!!</div>
                    <div><br>
                      <div><img alt="image.png" style="margin-right:
                          0px;"
                          src="cid:part4.A8842788.BF0D7923@savinkoff.com"
                          class="" width="575" height="241"><br>
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                      <div><br>
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                      <div>Simulating this design in LTspice shows 70v
                        peak across the bank of leds, with
                        current through each bank at 3.6 milliamps.</div>
                      <div>There are actually 3 banks connected in
                        parallel of 22 leds connected in series. I've
                        only shown one bank.</div>
                      <div>I've guessed at the surface mount capacitor
                        values, and the simulation does not include the
                        loads of LED bank2 and bank 3, so it is not
                        quite realistic.  Also, I am guessing at the LED
                        type.</div>
                      <div>Given that ballasts try to maintain a certain
                        current, using a 110v AC input is probably
                        wrong, but that is what I will use to power the
                        tube.</div>
                      <div>I might include a 1.5uF 250v cap on the input
                        to limit current, but the simulated current
                        through the LEDs is very low already...</div>
                      <div>My application is for a very weak light over
                        my keyboard, so 3.6ma might be fine.</div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div><img alt="image.png" style="margin-right:
                          0px;"
                          src="cid:part5.95457312.A333A14D@savinkoff.com"
                          class="" width="364" height="309"><br>
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                      Now to plug it in....AAGGGHHH</div>
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                    <div>-- <br>
                      <div dir="ltr">
                        <div dir="ltr">George Bowden  250-893-7423
                          <div>Victoria BC</div>
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            -- <br>
            <div dir="ltr">
              <div dir="ltr">George Bowden  250-893-7423
                <div>Victoria BC</div>
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            <span>-- </span><br>
            <span>Projects mailing list</span><br>
            <span><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Projects@vicpimakers.ca">Projects@vicpimakers.ca</a></span><br>
            <span><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://vicpimakers.ca/mailman/listinfo/projects_vicpimakers.ca">http://vicpimakers.ca/mailman/listinfo/projects_vicpimakers.ca</a></span><br>
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    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">-- 
Great minds discuss IDEAS.
Average minds discuss EVENTS.
Small minds discuss PEOPLE.</pre>
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